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Saturday, May 30, 2020

HK security laws legislation ‘justified’

 EVERY NATION ON EARTH, UNLESS A FAILED STATE HAS LAWS PTOTECTING NATIONAL SECURITY


https://youtu.be/fHRs8X2spIY

https://youtu.be/UBqL1V4Fa6g

https://youtu.be/3nemAeeaef4

https://youtu.be/nhRoRuPyeDw

Editor’s note: The following is the full content of the retired judge’s open letter expressing his views on the proposed national security legislation for Hong Kong.IN Hong Kong there is a set of laws, inherited from the colonial government, dealing in a haphazard way with some of the complex issues involving national security. These can be found in Part I of the Crimes Ordinance, the Societies Ordinance and the Official Secrets Ordinance.

No one pretends that these laws are anywhere near adequate to deal with the complicated matters of today. This problem was recognised by the drafters of the Basic Law: Hence Article 23. This required the Hong Kong SAR government, upon being established on July 1, 1997, to enact laws to prohibit treason, secession, sedition, subversion, prohibition of foreign entities forming political alliances with entities in Hong Kong.

An attempt was made by the colonial government, shortly before the handover, to ease the task of the future SAR government by upgrading the national security laws. This failed to win support in the Legislative Council.

The matter was revived in 2002 when, in September of that year, the government issued a consultation document on proposals to implement Article 23. It made a strong case for implementation. At paragraph 1.4 it said

“All countries round the world have express provisions on their statute books to prevent and punish crimes which endanger the sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of the state. Therefore, while nationals of a state enjoy the privilege of protection provided by it on the one hand, the individual citizens have a reciprocal obligation to protect the state by not committing criminal acts which threaten the existence of the state, and to support legislation which prohibits such acts on the other hand.”

The proposals took into account the whole range of constitutional guarantees of personal freedoms: speech, expression, the press; and freedom from arbitrary arrest, invasion of the home, etc;
As regards the crime of treason, the then-solicitor-general explained:

“The proposed new offence of treason will be narrower than the existing offence. It will therefore impose no new restrictions on freedom of speech. The only situation in which words could amount to treason under the proposals would be when the words instigate a foreigner to invade the PRC or assist a public enemy at war with the PRC. For example, if the PRC is at war with a foreign country and a Hong Kong resident broadcasts propaganda for the enemy.

What should have happened following the publication of the consultation paper was mature debate within the community, for the consultation document was not something that could have been absorbed fully at one glance. Regrettably, leaders in the community who claimed to represent the people adopted an ideological stance, claiming the proposal as an attack on Hong Kong’s autonomy. This was taken up by some of the popular newspapers. The thinking people in the community were given no space for mature reflection. A mass protest rally was organised. Young and old took to the streets. The result was that the National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill, introduced in LegCo in February 2003, was withdrawn, leaving the ramshackle colonial laws as defence against attacks on national security.

As things stood globally at that time, the world was in relative peace. The Iraq invasion had not yet taken place. The constitutional need in Hong Kong to implement Article 23 was held in abeyance, through two successive changes in the post of chief executive.

The world scene has since totally changed. The tension between nations has vastly increased, with the threat of trade war, cyber war possibly escalating into open conflict. The clash of navies in the South China Sea is regarded as a real possibility.

In these circumstances the need to upgrade and improve upon national security laws seems a matter of common sense.

And herein lies the crux of the problem facing Hong Kong today, which has attracted, once again, worldwide attention. And, as usual, the media has immediately danced to the tune of sound bytes, not having the time to study the issues in depth: answering to the exigencies of the daily-news cycle. Who, reporting on the issues of today, has read the government’s consultation document of September 2002?

The truth is this. Since October last year, the Hong Kong legislature has been dysfunctional. Except for matters of finance, it has ceased to operate as a legislature. An incident in the LegCo chamber on May 18 says it all: councillors brawling like children in a playground, a photo flashed worldwide showing a member screaming and kicking being forcibly removed from the council chamber. Have those reporting on the incident reflected on its deeper significance, beyond a shameful episode in a troubled land?

What it means is this: No law can be passed in Hong Kong. In the meanwhile, internal security has worsened, with increasing evidence of terrorist activities aimed at bringing the Hong Kong police to its knees and overthrowing the government.

The anti-government movement seems well-funded and this raises the question as to the source of the funds. Since October last year a state of grave public danger has existed and been recognised as such by the government. A threat of this nature to Hong Kong – a region of China – clearly constitutes a national security threat.

As Tung Chee-hwa, former chief executive, said on May 25: As Hong Kong had failed to enact its own security legislation for over 20 years, it has become an easy target for hostile foreign opportunists to disrupt public order, using Hong Kong in effect as a proxy for a wider power conflict.

What then should a national government do, seeing that the regional government has, in effect, become powerless?

The answer is the proposal before the National Peoples’ Congress: to enact by promulgation laws for the protection of Hong Kong and of the nation.

The draft decision emphasises the cardinal policies that lie behind the proposal: “one country, two systems”; Hong Kong people governing Hong Kong; and high degree of autonomy for the special administrative region.

When passed, the laws will be enforced by the Hong Kong courts exercising jurisdiction under the common law system – a system based upon the presumption of innocence, and proof of guilt beyond reasonable doubt. Allied with this are the rules which emphasise that prejudicial evidence not directly relevant to guilt must be excluded.

The explanatory document issued by the vice-chairman of the NPCSC contains a warning which the legal profession and the judiciary in Hong Kong should heed: “Efforts must be made at the state-level to establish and improve the legal system and enforcement mechanism of the HKSAR”.

At the regional level – Hong Kong’s level – enforcement mechanism has, for all the world to see, also broken down. Unrest and street violence have been going on for nearly one year – dampened to an extent by the overriding crisis caused by Covid-19. Very serious crimes have been committed. The health crisis did not erupt until March this year. Before then the courts were capable of functioning normally. Yet only a handful of persons arrested had been convicted, and none for crimes like attempted murder, grievous bodily harm, arson, criminal damage to transport infrastructure.

Bully tactics have been deployed. Families of police officers threatened. Businesses deemed “pro-Beijing” vandalised. People have been cowed into silence. And when people see that lawyers as a whole seem sympathetic to the rioters they get confused. Wherein lies the true values of the Hong Kong community?The common law lies at the heart of the “one country, two systems” policy, and is the foundation for Hong Kong’s success as a global financial centre. There is no reason why such policy should not go beyond 2047 if it harmonises with the broader national interests.

Hence it is very much in the interests of young lawyers to truly support that policy, to work towards the success of that policy: They will be at the high noon of their professional lives in 2047. And the duty of the older lawyers, the leaders of their profession, is to cultivate a climate conducive to their juniors’ success. But is this what they are doing in fact?

Clearly radical changes at all levels are called for, no less than in the judiciary. The starting point is surely to internalise this key concept that Hong Kong is a mere region of China. A small dot on the map of China; 7.4 million people in a population of 1.4 billion. Nothing more. To make it more, greater, more influential in the world, it requires nurturing in an authentic way.

It is beyond the scope of this paper to go into aspects of reform necessary to “improve the legal system and enforcement mechanism of the HKSAR”, in the words of the vice-chairman of the NPCSC. But those words must surely sound as a wake-up call for the legal profession and the judiciary.

The author is a former Court of Final Appeal judge, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. — China Daily/ANNb

The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of China Daily.

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READ MORE:

Chinese UN envoy urges U.S., Britain to immediately stop interfering and meddling ...

'Security law will keep HK stable'

 

Wednesday, May 27, 2020

WHO praises China’s openness to identify virus source



How the U.S. response to COVID-19 failed and caused thousands of deaths


https://youtu.be/_Geb5l6Ymhw

There have been over 1.6 million #coronavirus cases and nearly 100,000 deaths in the U.S. While many countries are gradually recovering, no turning point for the pandemic in America is on the sight. Lots of people are shocked at how America, the largest economy in the world, and a great country in the eyes of many, has got to this point. So to find out what led to this mess, let's back up a little and take a look at the timeline. Subscribe to us on YouTube: https://goo.gl/lP12gA Download our APP on Apple Store (iOS): https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/cctvn... Download our APP on Google Play (Android): https://play.google.com/store/apps/de...


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https://youtu.be/1sRxfbzI19k

 The World Health Organization has praised China's response to the coronavirus outbreak and its efforts to stop it from spreading overseas. 

GENEVA: The World Health Organisation (WHO) said it appreciates China’s openness to joint efforts by the international science community to identify the source of the virus, and that such a scientific mission should consist of “the right mix of scientific experts from a multinational perspective”.

“We’ve been in discussions day-to-day with our colleagues in China about putting together the necessary scientific inquiries into the origin of the virus, ” Dr Michael Ryan, executive director of WHO Health Emergencies Programme, said in a press conference on Monday.

“I think the authorities in China, governments around the world and ourselves are very keen to understand the animal origin of the virus itself. And I am very pleased to hear a very consistent message coming from China, which is one of openness to such an approach, ” he added.

However, he said a date has not been set yet for a scientific mission.

Technical lead of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme, Dr Maria Van Kerkhove, said the organisation has been in regular contact with experts in China.

“We welcome the opportunity to work with them and with the international community, to really understand the virus’ origins and the animal human interface, ” she said.

Meanwhile, Dr Ryan said he was “pleased” to see the publication of the first peer-reviewed journal publications of the vaccine studies from China.

“I think in terms of the number of scientific publications that have come from China over the last number of months is very good and the number of scientific collaborations between Chinese institutions and institutions all over the world is also a very positive sign, ” he said.

On Sunday, Foreign Minister Wang Yi said that China was open to joint efforts by the international science community to identify the source of the virus. — Xinhua

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Read more:
 

Biden calls Trump mask fool

Joe Biden attacked US President Donald Trump as an “absolute fool” Tuesday for belittling his election rival over recently wearing a mask, an issue that has become a partisan flash point during the coronavirus pandemic.

Facing coronavirus scourge, US must put aside animosity

The novel coronavirus continues to churn the world by crushing public health systems and decimating thousands of lives each passing day. As the world's two most resourceful economies, the US and China should join hands in working out better therapeutics and speed up vaccine testing and development.

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https://youtu.be/Y_dU2RCqWs4 FORCED TO SHUT DOWN WHEN VIRUSES LEAKED AUGUST 2019    US SOLDIERS WERE INFECTED 300 HUNDRED CAM.
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Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Wolf warrior’ diplomacy a US trait

Wang Yi: China seeks global peace, development, not hegemony


https://youtu.be/d_Lq9IQevac


Wolf Warriors 2: Hollywood-style hit, made in China


https://youtu.be/652foE223co


A Conversation With Wang Yi


https://youtu.be/ujAj1E9kzsA

 
br /> Has China implemented the "wolf warrior" diplomacy? When Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi responded to 23 questions during a press conference on Sunday, which of his answers confirmed the "wolf warrior" diplomacy? Did his answers interfere in any country's internal affairs? Did he threaten to sanction any country? Wang called the abuse of litigation against China over the COVID-19 outbreak "a product of three nos" - it has no ground, has no factual basis and has no international precedence. Attempts to blackmail China for the epidemic are daydreaming, Wang said. This might be the toughest answer he has ever given during the 100-minute press conference.

In terms of "wolf warrior", the US has peaked in its diplomacy. Just look at how many countries are being sanctioned by the US, in how many places is the US stationing its troops and how many countries' internal affairs are being interfered with by the US?

China has always emphasized common interests and building a community with a shared future for mankind. We make only a reasonable but powerful counterattack when being attacked. There is a vivid metaphor that compares China to the Kung Fu Panda.

The negative trend in China-US relations has attracted global attention. Such a trend is a process of the two major powers' interactions. The two countries lack mutual trust and thus tensions escalate. Both countries say the other country is the reason for the worsening of their relations.

However, if we look at the China-US relations objectively, we can list the following basic facts.

First, China is a rising developing country. So far, it has not formed the strength to pose a substantial challenge to the US, nor does China have such a will.

Second, the US harbors strategic suspicions of China and China also has various expressions of its visions. But the core of China's foreign relations is development. Chinese actions that can be described as "overseas military expansion" are negligible. China has somewhat been active in areas in which it has territorial disputes with neighboring countries, but it has kept restraint in general. One proof is that China has not engaged in any military conflicts with its neighboring countries for over 30 years.

Third, China expands influence through its economic activities. This is a process whereby parties involved can mutually benefit and China does so under the US-led multilateral trading system. China hasn't forcibly changed trade rules but has accumulated a trade surplus under the current rules and with the hard work of its people.

Fourth, China has a different political system with the US and other Western countries, which has caused ideological disputes. But China is generally not a country that exports ideology. China's so-called overseas publicity aims only at increasing the external world's understanding and favor for China instead of subverting the Western system. The West is aggressive while China is defensive in their ideological disputes.

Fifth, the US elites always want to shape China. They are annoyed that China has firmly stayed on its own political path, and they worry that the successful Chinese path may affect Western society's confidence. But this is not China's fault since we have the right to walk on our own path without interfering in the development of any other countries.

Sixth, the Trump administration has launched the trade war against China, which is indeed bullying. The "America First" doctrine has caused widespread resentment worldwide and China is not the only victim. Since the COVID-19 outbreak, Washington has been passing the buck to Beijing. This is the odious move of the White House and the Republican Party for the sake of the 2020 election. This is typical international hooliganism.



Labeling Chinese diplomacy as "wolf warrior" reflects an extreme ideology. If Western public opinion uses the label to describe Chinese diplomacy, then it is vulgarizing its international political thinking and playing to the crowd.

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Chinese professors dismiss 'wolf diplomacy' theatrics

China's tough diplomacy against provocations is a reasonable response to defend national interests. How can such a diplomacy be regarded as “wolf warrior” diplomacy? If China's diplomacy is “wolf warrior” diplomacy, then what should US diplomacy be called? Perhaps “lion roar” diplomacy.

National security law a 'death knell' for US intervention in HK

Will a national security law that is to be implemented in Hong Kong undermine the “one country, two systems” principle? Before answering this question, we'd like to ask: Which country does not have national security laws? Which country would allow its administrative regions to become a void of national security where some internal forces collude with foreign forces and jeopardize national security?


US sanction card over HK won't intimidate China: Global Times editorial

Hong Kong belongs to China, not the US. The latter has only two choices when it comes to the city: be a friendly cooperator, or stay away. China will never offer the US a third option.

National security legislation offers overdue remedy for HK

Chinese mainlanders support Hong Kong in maintaining its political system and unique social style. It is unnecessary for Hong Kong to exercise what the Chinese mainland possesses. It is foreseeable that HKSAR national security legislation would serve the city's best interests and provide a better future for the “Pearl of the Orient.”

US should make bio-labs more transparent: Global Times editorial

The US should not be exempted from international screening for biological risks, but rather be at the forefront of such inspections. The vast number of laboratories in the US, with their complex and diverse management bodies and methods, needs a clean-up test that will reassure the international community.

Saturday, May 23, 2020

We will live with Covid-19 for months. Let's not deny it or panic ...

https://youtu.be/bDGo_igJojE


Coronavirus 01


https://youtu.be/iHCAKJ-eaVQ


Coronavirus 02

https://youtu.be/GiXs9b70wQ8

 Dr. Faheem Younus, the chief of Infectious Diseases at University of Maryland, Upper Chesapeake Health, debunked some of the myths about coronavirus. #coronavirus #COVID-19 # coronavirusspread

 Now something practical and honest from the : Head of the Infectious Disease Clinic, University of Maryland,

1. We may have to live with C19 for months or years. Let's not deny it or panic. Let's not make our lives useless. Let's learn to live with this fact.

2. You can't destroy C19 viruses that have penetrated cell walls, drinking gallons of hot water - you'll just go to the bathroom more often.

3. Washing hands and maintaining a two-metre physical distance is the best method for your protection.

4. If you don't have a C19 patient at home, there's no need to disinfect the surfaces at your house.

5. Packaged cargo, gas pumps, shopping carts and ATMs do not cause infection.

Wash your hands, live your life as usual.

6. C19 is not a food infection. It is associated with drops of infection like the ‘flu. There is no demonstrated risk that C19 is transmitted by ordering food.

7. You can lose your sense of smell with a lot of allergies and viral infections. This is only a non-specific symptom of C19.

8. Once at home, you don't need to change your clothes urgently and go shower!

Purity is a virtue, paranoia is not!

9. The C19 virus doesn't hang in the air. This is a respiratory droplet infection that requires close contact.

10. The air is clean, you can walk through the gardens (just keeping your physical protection distance), through parks.

11. It is sufficient to use normal soap against C19, not antibacterial soap. This is a virus, not a bacteria.

12. You don't have to worry about your food orders. But you can heat it all up in the microwave, if you wish.

13. The chances of bringing C19 home with your shoes is like being struck by lightning twice in a day. I've been working against viruses for 20 years - drop infections don't spread like that!

14. You can't be protected from the virus by taking vinegar, sugarcane juice and ginger! These are for immunity not a cure.

15. Wearing a mask for long periods interferes with your breathing and oxygen levels. Wear it only in crowds.

16. Wearing gloves is also a bad idea; the virus can accumulate into the glove and be easily transmitted if you touch your face. Better just to wash your hands regularly.

17. Immunity is greatly weakened by always staying in a sterile environment. Even if you eat immunity boosting foods, please go out of your house regularly to any park/beach.

Immunity is increased by EXPOSURE TO PATHOGENS, not by sitting at home and consuming fried/spicy/sugary food and aerated drinks.


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Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Wheelchairs

Self-Driving Wheelchairs Debut in Hospitals and Airports



https://youtu.be/pRo8FnS2XfY

Self-Driving Wheelchairs Debut in Hospitals and Airports 

The autonomous vehicles sense positions, select routes, and stop for obstacles

SMART scores another first with Singapore's self-driving wheelchair that has been piloted at a hospital

Autonomous vehicles can add a new member to their ranks—the self-driving wheelchair. This summer, two robotic wheelchairs made headlines: one at a Singaporean hospital and another at a Japanese airport.

The Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, or SMART, developed the former, first deployed in Singapore’s Changi General Hospital in September 2016, where it successfully navigated the hospital’s hallways. It is the latest in a string of autonomous vehicles made by SMART, including a golf cart, electric taxi and, most recently, a scooter that zipped more than 100 MIT visitors around on tours in 2016.

The SMART self-driving wheelchair has been in development for about a year and a half, since January 2016, says Daniela Rus, director of MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and a principal investigator in the SMART Future Urban Mobility research group. Today, SMART has two wheelchairs in Singapore and two wheelchairs at MIT being tested in a variety of settings, says Rus.

The robot’s computer uses data from three lidars to make a map. A localization algorithm then determines where it is in the map. The chair’s six wheels lend stability, and the chair is designed to make tight turns and fit through normal-sized doorframes. “When we visited several retirement communities, we realized that the quality of life is dependent on mobility. We want to make it really easy for people to move around,” said Rus in a recent MIT statement.

A second autonomous wheelchair recently premiered at Haneda Airport in Tokyo, designed by Panasonic and Whill, Inc., creator of the Model A Whill wheelchair, a sleek, hi-tech wheelchair now on the market in Japan and the United States.

According to a recent press release, Panasonic is planning to conduct technical trials of the WHILL NEXT this year. Like the SMART wheelchair, the WHILL NEXT uses sensors to detect nearby obstacles. It also employs automation technology developed for Panasonic’s autonomous (and adorable) hospital delivery robot, HOSPI. The wheelchair identifies its position, selects routes, and moves to a chosen destination based on a user’s input into a smartphone app. It can even be hailed with the app – the Uber of wheelchairs.

The WHILL NEXT is also able to sync up with nearby wheelchairs to travel in a column, which is useful for a family or a group, the company notes. Best of all, each wheelchair automatically returns to its home base, reducing the need for airport staff to collect the chairs.

Beyond use in hospitals and airports, the SMART team says they envision a connected autonomous mobility system, where a user could use a scooter or wheelchair indoors at an office, zip outside and pick up a golf cart to cross the parking lot, and slip into an autonomous car to drive home. Recent studies with the scooter suggest the control algorithms work indoors as well as out, according to a press release last year. “The autonomous wheelchair could be very useful in any pedestrian environmen—including hospitals and airports —and we are exploring all these possibilities,” Rus tells IEEE Spectrum.

Yet the field faces the challenge of commercialization. Not all hi-tech wheelchairs have sold well, such as Dean Kamen’s stair-climbing iBot, whose $25,000 price tag was one reason the device was discontinued in 2009. But hopefully the next generation of wheelchairs won’t be as expensive, says Rus. “The system consists of an off-the-shelf wheelchair augmented with an autonomy package. We hope the price point of the autonomy package can come down to make the system affordable.”

“A version of this post appears in the October 2017 print issue as “Lidar-Equipped Autonomous Wheelchairs Roll Out in Singapore and Japan.”


See wheelchair  

See manual Self‑Driving Wheelchairs

See travel wheelchairs lightweight


Hospitech Standard Wheelchair | Shopee Malaysia

 See wheelchair exercise

 10 minutes wheelchair arm workout | Move with MS - https://youtu.be/EVQcgYQyzz0


Hospitech Standard Wheelchair | Shopee Malaysia

https://shopee.com.my/Standard-Wheelchair-chrome-body-i.26974048.596973352
 https://shopee.com.my/Hospitech-Standard-Wheelchair-i.125584805.1909627487


Standard Wheelchair chrome body | Shopee Malaysia

Wheel Chair Wheelchair Hospital Standard with Sport Rim Kerusi Roda 轮椅
https://shopee.com.my/Wheel-Chair-Wheelchair-Hospital-Standard-with-Sport-Rim-Kerusi-Roda-%E8%BD%AE%E6%A4%85-i.173717073.4519051381

See product: hospitaltech wheel chair travel lightwei...

Aluminium Super Lightweight Foldable Wheel Chair Transit Wheelchair
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Monday, May 18, 2020

what is wifi 6?



https://youtu.be/bQTc72t64z0

 
— 123rf.com Wifi 6 is better at talking to more devices at once. It is claimed to help everything on your network work better and faster.

WE all know what Wifi is, but not a lot of us know there are different versions of the 802.11 Wifi standard. The versions have been labelled by letters like 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n and 802.11ac.

The Wifi Alliance, the group that sets the Wifi standards, has decided to change the naming scheme, and the newest version of Wifi is known simply as Wifi 6, meaning it’s the sixth generation of the Wifi standard.

Those names were pretty clunky before, so I like the new ones.

Going forward, 802.11n is Wifi 4, 802.11ac is Wifi 5 and what was called 802.11ax is simply known as Wifi 6.

Each generation of Wifi has been an improvement over the previous generation – usually by making the download speeds faster.

Wifi 5 had a theoretical top speed of 3.5Gbps (gigabits per second), but real world speeds are always slower depending on the environment and obstacles.

Wifi 6 has a top speed of 9.6Gbps, but more importantly, it introduces some new technologies to make all the devices on your home’s network operate faster, especially if you have a lot of Wifi devices.

Wifi 6 is better at talking to more devices at once. It will help everything on your network work better and faster.

Your device communication will also be more secure with the introduction of a new Wifi security protocol called WPA3.

To take advantage of Wifi 6, the first thing you’ll need is a new router. Most of the advantages of Wifi 6 happen on the router side.

Right now there are not very many Wifi 6 routers for sale. Tp-link and Netgear have a few. Others will certainly follow.

The Wifi Alliance also has an information page on its site, Wifi. org, that describes Wifi 6 in more detail, if you’re interested. — The Dallas Morning News/tribune News Service

Read more:

What is WiFi 6? (802.11 ax) | Fastest WiFi Router | TP-Link

 

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Sunday, May 17, 2020

Recognition and Management of Stroke

https://youtu.be/ifTYwME0bqQ

12.7K subscribers
A Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Grand Rounds from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai presented by Stanley Tuhrim, MD, and Christopher Kellner, MD. At the end of this video, viewers will be able to: 1. To review the signs and symptoms of acute stroke. 2. To elucidate the current management of acute ischemic stroke. 3. To describe current approaches to endovascular intervention in acute ischemic stroke.
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.[5] There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding.[5] Both result in parts of the brain not functioning properly.[5] Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability to move or feel on one side of the body, problems understanding or speaking, dizziness, or loss of vision to one side.[2][3] Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred.[3] If symptoms last less than one or two hours it is known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or mini-stroke.[3] A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache.[3] The symptoms of a stroke can be permanent.[5] Long-term complications may include pneumonia or loss of bladder control.[3]
The main risk factor for stroke is high blood pressure.[6] Other risk factors include tobacco smoking, obesity, high blood cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, a previous TIA, end-stage kidney disease, and atrial fibrillation.[2][6][7] An ischemic stroke is typically caused by blockage of a blood vessel, though there are also less common causes.[12][13][14] A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by either bleeding directly into the brain or into the space between the brain's membranes.[12][15] Bleeding may occur due to a ruptured brain aneurysm.[12] Diagnosis is typically based on a physical exam and supported by medical imaging such as a CT scan or MRI scan.[8] A CT scan can rule out bleeding, but may not necessarily rule out ischemia, which early on typically does not show up on a CT scan.[9] Other tests such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood tests are done to determine risk factors and rule out other possible causes.[8] Low blood sugar may cause similar symptoms.[8]
Prevention includes decreasing risk factors, as well as possibly aspirin, statins, surgery to open up the arteries to the brain in those with problematic narrowing, and warfarin in those with atrial fibrillation.[2] A stroke or TIA often requires emergency care.[5] An ischemic stroke, if detected within three to four and half hours, may be treatable with a medication that can break down the clot.[2] Aspirin should be used.[2] Some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from surgery.[2] Treatment to try to recover lost function is called stroke rehabilitation and ideally takes place in a stroke unit; however, these are not available in much of the world.[2]
In 2013 approximately 6.9 million people had an ischemic stroke and 3.4 million people had a hemorrhagic stroke.[16] In 2015 there were about 42.4 million people who had previously had a stroke and were still alive.[10] Between 1990 and 2010 the number of strokes which occurred each year decreased by approximately 10% in the developed world and increased by 10% in the developing world.[17] In 2015, stroke was the second most frequent cause of death after coronary artery disease, accounting for 6.3 million deaths (11% of the total).[11] About 3.0 million deaths resulted from ischemic stroke while 3.3 million deaths resulted from hemorrhagic stroke.[11] About half of people who have had a stroke live less than one year.[2] Overall, two thirds of strokes occurred in those over 65 years old.[17]

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COVID-19 can affect the brain. How it happens and what to watch for. ⇒ Explore: COVID-19 .

Self-Driving Wheelchairs Debut in Hospitals and Airports https://youtu.be/pRo8FnS2XfY Self-Driving Wheelchairs Debut i

When A Stroke Strikes

Physiotherapy for stroke patients is not just about exercises and movement, but also incorporates technology such as functional electrical stimulation and virtual reality. — Photos: SUNWAY MEDICAL CENTRE VELOCITY